Additional information

Box for relapse and hypnozoites. In P. vivax and P. ovale, a dormant stage (hypnozoites) can persist in the liver if untreated. These hypnozoites can later reactivate and invade the bloodstream, causing relapses weeks, months, or even years after the initial infection.
Box for visceral larva migrans: This is caused by zoonotic nematodes such as Ascaris suum, Toxocara canis, Toxocara cati, etc. Humans are accidental hosts. After ingestion, larvae hatch in the intestine, enter the bloodstream, and migrate to visceral organs such as the liver, heart, and CNS, where they cause inflammation and tissue damage. It can present with fever, myalgia, weight loss, cough, rashes, hepatosplenomegaly, myocarditis, meningoencephalitis, and hypereosinophilia. Toxocara canis can also cause ocular larva migrans (diffuse unilateral subacute neuroretinitis), presenting as orbital edema, pain, visual disturbances, strabismus, orbital granulomas, and blindness.
Box for cutaneous larva migrans - This is caused by zoonotic hookworms of cats and dogs such as Ancylostoma braziliense, A. caninum, A. ceylanicum, and Uncinaria stenocephala. Infection occurs when larvae penetrate unprotected skin, especially when walking barefoot or sitting on contaminated soil or sand. The larvae migrate within the superficial layers of the skin, producing intense pruritus and characteristic raised, red, serpiginous tracks. The larvae do not develop further in humans and typically die in the skin after several weeks, after which the itching and tracks resolve. Scratching can break the skin and lead to secondary bacterial infection.

Box for relapse and hypnozoites. In P. vivax and P. ovale, a dormant stage (hypnozoites) can persist in the liver if untreated. These hypnozoites can later reactivate and invade the bloodstream, causing relapses weeks, months, or even years after the initial infection.
Box for visceral larva migrans: This is caused by zoonotic nematodes such as Ascaris suum, Toxocara canis, Toxocara cati, etc. Humans are accidental hosts. After ingestion, larvae hatch in the intestine, enter the bloodstream, and migrate to visceral organs such as the liver, heart, and CNS, where they cause inflammation and tissue damage. It can present with fever, myalgia, weight loss, cough, rashes, hepatosplenomegaly, myocarditis, meningoencephalitis, and hypereosinophilia. Toxocara canis can also cause ocular larva migrans (diffuse unilateral subacute neuroretinitis), presenting as orbital edema, pain, visual disturbances, strabismus, orbital granulomas, and blindness.
Box for cutaneous larva migrans - This is caused by zoonotic hookworms of cats and dogs such as Ancylostoma braziliense, A. caninum, A. ceylanicum, and Uncinaria stenocephala. Infection occurs when larvae penetrate unprotected skin, especially when walking barefoot or sitting on contaminated soil or sand. The larvae migrate within the superficial layers of the skin, producing intense pruritus and characteristic raised, red, serpiginous tracks. The larvae do not develop further in humans and typically die in the skin after several weeks, after which the itching and tracks resolve. Scratching can break the skin and lead to secondary bacterial infection.