Regulation of glycolysis: Short term regulation of glycolysis is by allosteric activation or inhibition of enzymes or by phosphorylation/ dephosphorylation affecting over minutes or hours. Slower but more profound effects are by hormones which influence the amount of enzyme synthesized, effects occur over hours to days. Regular consumption of meals rich in carbs or administration of insulin, causes an increase in the levels of glucokinase, phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase in the liver due to increased gene transcription. The opposite effects are seen in fasting / starvation.
Alternate fates of Pyruvate:
Energy Yield from Glycolysis:
Oxidation of acetyl CoA generates ATP via oxidative phosphorylation as electrons flow from NADH and FADH2 to O2 (aka ETC). Acetyl CoA can be derived from amino acids, monosaccharides and fatty acids and glycerol (both from fats). The glycolytic cycle occurs in the cytosol.
Mitochondria: TCA Cycle; Fatty Acid Oxidation; Pyruvate Oxidation
Cytosol: Glycolysis, HMP Shunt, Fatty Acid synthesis, Glycogen synthesis and breakdown
Nucleus: DNA and RNA synthesis
Lysosome: Degradation of complex macromolecules
Gluconeogenesis is partly in cytoplasm and partly in mitochondria
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