Additional information

Box for bitemporal lobe disease seen in HSV 1 encephalitis, HHV 6 encephalopathy (shows hemorrhages), mucormycosis, flaviviruses, syphilis, paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis in small cell Ca and testicular germ cell cancer, Alzheimer’s, some cases of frontotemporal dementia, ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency, gliomas/astrocytomas, CADASIL (type of cerebral vasculitis), and radiation necrosis secondary to head and neck radiation.

Box for swine flu: Swine flu is a highly contagious strain of the H1N1 influenza virus. It formed through genetic reassortment of genomic RNA segments from humans, birds, and pigs. It caused the 2009 influenza pandemic, affecting more than 100,000 people worldwide; most cases occurred in young people.

Avian influenza: Avian influenza refers to disease caused by infection with avian (bird) influenza type A viruses. These viruses occur naturally among wild aquatic birds worldwide and can infect domestic poultry and other bird and animal species. Avian flu viruses do not normally infect humans, but sporadic human infections have occurred. The subtype H5N1 is highly pathogenic and carries the greatest risk of pandemics. It has a mortality rate above 60% in humans.

HIV replication cycle: The infographic shows the HIV replication cycle.

• HIV fuses with the surface of the host cell.
• A capsid containing the viral genome and proteins enters the cell.
• The capsid disassembles.
• Reverse transcriptase converts viral RNA into DNA.
• Viral DNA is transported into the nucleus.
• Integrase inserts (integrates) HIV DNA into the host cell’s DNA.
• The host cell’s transcription machinery produces multiple copies of HIV RNA.
• Some HIV RNA becomes the genome for new virions; other RNA is used to make HIV proteins.
• Viral RNA and HIV proteins move to the cell surface, where an immature HIV particle assembles.
• The virus buds off (is released) from the cell.
• Protease cleaves newly synthesized polyproteins, producing a mature, infectious virus.