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Textbook
1. Anatomy
2. Microbiology
2.1 General bacteriology
2.2 Introduction to systemic bacteriology
2.3 Gram positive cocci
2.4 Gram negative cocci
2.5 Gram positive bacilli
2.6 Gram negative bacilli
2.6.1 Introduction
2.6.2 E.coli
2.6.3 Klebsiella pneumoniae
2.6.4 Proteus
2.6.5 Vibrio cholerae
2.6.6 Other Vibrios
2.6.7 Salmonella
2.6.8 Pseudomonas
2.6.9 Minor pathogens
2.7 Other important bacteria
2.8 Virology
2.9 Parasitology
2.10 Mycology
3. Physiology
4. Pathology
5. Pharmacology
6. Immunology
7. Biochemistry
8. Cell and molecular biology
9. Biostatistics and epidemiology
10. Genetics
11. Behavioral science
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2.6.4 Proteus
Achievable USMLE/1
2. Microbiology
2.6. Gram negative bacilli

Proteus

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This one is easier to identify due to typical morphological features. It is associated with UTIs and sepsis

Human pathology

Pili and urease production are vital to pathogenicity. Urease alkalinizes the urine and also helps cause upper urinary tract infections such as pyelonephritis. It also causes formation of struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate) stones in individuals suffering from Proteus UTIs.

Laboratory diagnosis of Proteus infections

Gram stain shows Gram negative bacilli. Culture on blood agar will show swarming while Mac Conkey’s agar will show non lactose fermenting colonies with a fishy or seminal smell. Indole test is positive in P. vulgaris and negative in P. mirabilis.

Proteus swarming
Proteus swarming

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