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Introduction
1. Medications
1.1 Generic names and brand names
1.2 Classification of medications
1.3 Drug interactions and contraindications
1.4 Medications by organ system
1.4.1 Anti-neoplastic drugs
1.4.2 Antimicrobials
1.4.3 Medical terminology
1.4.4 Drugs of the endocrine and reproductive system
1.4.5 Respiratory system
1.4.6 Drugs of the cardiovascular system
1.4.7 Gastrointestinal (digestive) system
1.4.8 Drugs of the nervous system
1.4.9 Drugs of the urinary, integumentary, and musculoskeletal systems
1.5 Drug strengths, dose, and dosage forms
1.6 Routes of administration and special handling of drugs
1.7 Medication side effects, adverse effects and allergies
1.8 Indications of medications and dietary supplements
1.9 Drug stability
1.10 Narrow therapeutic index (NTI) medications
1.11 Pharmaceutical incompatibilities
1.12 Proper storage of medications
1.13 Vaccine types and schedules
2. Patient safety and quality assurance
3. Order entry and processing
4. Federal requirements
Wrapping up
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1.4.9 Drugs of the urinary, integumentary, and musculoskeletal systems
Achievable PTCE
1. Medications
1.4. Medications by organ system
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Drugs of the urinary, integumentary, and musculoskeletal systems

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Urinary system

The urinary system includes the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. Its main jobs are to remove waste products and toxins from the blood by producing urine, and to help keep fluid and electrolyte levels in balance.

Common urinary system conditions include:

  • Urinary tract infections (UTIs)
  • Kidney stones
  • Renal failure
  • Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
  • Urinary incontinence

UTIs are especially common and are typically treated with antibiotics.

Table showing common drug classes and examples of the urinary system

Drug class Generic name Brand name(s) Primary use
Alpha blockers Tamsulosin, doxazosin, prazosin Flomax, Cardura, Minipress BPH
Anticholinergics Oxybutynin, tolterodine, solifenacin Oxytrol, Ditropan XL, Detrol LA, Vesicare Urinary incontinence
Antibiotics Nitrofurantoin, cephalexin Macrobid, Keflex UTIs
5 alpha reductase inhibitors Finasteride Proscar BPH
Pain relievers Phenazopyridine Pyridium Pain relief in UTIs
Beta 3 adrenergic agonist Mirabegron Myrbetriq Overactive bladder

Integumentary system

The integumentary system includes the skin, hair, and nails. The skin is the body’s largest organ and has three main layers:

  • Epidermis
  • Dermis
  • Hypodermis

The skin acts as a protective barrier. It also helps with temperature regulation, excretion of some waste products, and sensing the environment through touch, pressure, temperature, and pain.

Common integumentary system conditions include eczema, psoriasis, skin infections, and acne.

Table showing common drug classes and examples of the integumentary system

Drug class Generic name Brand name(s) Primary use
Corticosteroids Clobetasol, hydrocortisone, triamcinolone, desonide Clodan, Embeline, Cortizone-10, Kenalog, Desonate Eczema, dermatitis (skin inflammation)
Retinoids Adapalene, tretinoin, isotretinoin Differin, Retin-A, Atralin, Claravis Acne
Topical antimicrobials Clotrimazole, ketoconazole, terbinafine, bacitracin, clindamycin Lotrimin, Nizoral, Lamisil AT, Neosporin, Cleocin T Fungal infections, bacterial infections
Biologics Adalimumab, dupilumab, ustekinumab, brodalumab, etanercept Humira, Dupixent, Stelara, Siliq, Enbrel Psoriasis

Musculoskeletal system

The musculoskeletal system gives the body structure and allows movement. It includes bones, ligaments, and muscles.

Common musculoskeletal conditions include:

  • Osteoarthritis
  • Gout
  • Osteoporosis
  • Rheumatoid arthritis

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and other anti-inflammatory agents are used to treat many musculoskeletal disorders. Other commonly used drug classes include muscle relaxants and bisphosphonates.

Drug class Generic name Brand name(s) Primary use
Muscle relaxants Baclofen, onabotulinum toxin A Lioresal, Gablofen, Botox Relieve muscle spasm
Bisphosphonates Alendronate, ibandronate, zoledronic acid Fosamax, Boniva, Zometa Treatment of osteoporosis

Urinary system

  • Organs: kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
  • Functions: waste removal (urine), fluid/electrolyte balance
  • Common conditions: UTIs, kidney stones, renal failure, BPH, incontinence
  • Key drug classes:
    • Alpha blockers (e.g., tamsulosin): BPH
    • Anticholinergics (e.g., oxybutynin): incontinence
    • Antibiotics (e.g., nitrofurantoin): UTIs
    • 5 alpha reductase inhibitors (e.g., finasteride): BPH
    • Pain relievers (e.g., phenazopyridine): UTI pain
    • Beta 3 adrenergic agonist (e.g., mirabegron): overactive bladder

Integumentary system

  • Components: skin (epidermis, dermis, hypodermis), hair, nails
  • Functions: protection, temperature regulation, waste excretion, sensory input
  • Common conditions: eczema, psoriasis, infections, acne
  • Key drug classes:
    • Corticosteroids (e.g., clobetasol): eczema, dermatitis
    • Retinoids (e.g., adapalene): acne
    • Topical antimicrobials (e.g., clotrimazole): fungal/bacterial infections
    • Biologics (e.g., adalimumab): psoriasis

Musculoskeletal system

  • Components: bones, ligaments, muscles
  • Functions: structure, movement
  • Common conditions: osteoarthritis, gout, osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis
  • Key drug classes:
    • NSAIDs, anti-inflammatories: general musculoskeletal disorders
    • Muscle relaxants (e.g., baclofen): muscle spasm
    • Bisphosphonates (e.g., alendronate): osteoporosis

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Drugs of the urinary, integumentary, and musculoskeletal systems

Urinary system

The urinary system includes the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. Its main jobs are to remove waste products and toxins from the blood by producing urine, and to help keep fluid and electrolyte levels in balance.

Common urinary system conditions include:

  • Urinary tract infections (UTIs)
  • Kidney stones
  • Renal failure
  • Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
  • Urinary incontinence

UTIs are especially common and are typically treated with antibiotics.

Table showing common drug classes and examples of the urinary system

Drug class Generic name Brand name(s) Primary use
Alpha blockers Tamsulosin, doxazosin, prazosin Flomax, Cardura, Minipress BPH
Anticholinergics Oxybutynin, tolterodine, solifenacin Oxytrol, Ditropan XL, Detrol LA, Vesicare Urinary incontinence
Antibiotics Nitrofurantoin, cephalexin Macrobid, Keflex UTIs
5 alpha reductase inhibitors Finasteride Proscar BPH
Pain relievers Phenazopyridine Pyridium Pain relief in UTIs
Beta 3 adrenergic agonist Mirabegron Myrbetriq Overactive bladder

Integumentary system

The integumentary system includes the skin, hair, and nails. The skin is the body’s largest organ and has three main layers:

  • Epidermis
  • Dermis
  • Hypodermis

The skin acts as a protective barrier. It also helps with temperature regulation, excretion of some waste products, and sensing the environment through touch, pressure, temperature, and pain.

Common integumentary system conditions include eczema, psoriasis, skin infections, and acne.

Table showing common drug classes and examples of the integumentary system

Drug class Generic name Brand name(s) Primary use
Corticosteroids Clobetasol, hydrocortisone, triamcinolone, desonide Clodan, Embeline, Cortizone-10, Kenalog, Desonate Eczema, dermatitis (skin inflammation)
Retinoids Adapalene, tretinoin, isotretinoin Differin, Retin-A, Atralin, Claravis Acne
Topical antimicrobials Clotrimazole, ketoconazole, terbinafine, bacitracin, clindamycin Lotrimin, Nizoral, Lamisil AT, Neosporin, Cleocin T Fungal infections, bacterial infections
Biologics Adalimumab, dupilumab, ustekinumab, brodalumab, etanercept Humira, Dupixent, Stelara, Siliq, Enbrel Psoriasis

Musculoskeletal system

The musculoskeletal system gives the body structure and allows movement. It includes bones, ligaments, and muscles.

Common musculoskeletal conditions include:

  • Osteoarthritis
  • Gout
  • Osteoporosis
  • Rheumatoid arthritis

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and other anti-inflammatory agents are used to treat many musculoskeletal disorders. Other commonly used drug classes include muscle relaxants and bisphosphonates.

Drug class Generic name Brand name(s) Primary use
Muscle relaxants Baclofen, onabotulinum toxin A Lioresal, Gablofen, Botox Relieve muscle spasm
Bisphosphonates Alendronate, ibandronate, zoledronic acid Fosamax, Boniva, Zometa Treatment of osteoporosis
Key points

Urinary system

  • Organs: kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
  • Functions: waste removal (urine), fluid/electrolyte balance
  • Common conditions: UTIs, kidney stones, renal failure, BPH, incontinence
  • Key drug classes:
    • Alpha blockers (e.g., tamsulosin): BPH
    • Anticholinergics (e.g., oxybutynin): incontinence
    • Antibiotics (e.g., nitrofurantoin): UTIs
    • 5 alpha reductase inhibitors (e.g., finasteride): BPH
    • Pain relievers (e.g., phenazopyridine): UTI pain
    • Beta 3 adrenergic agonist (e.g., mirabegron): overactive bladder

Integumentary system

  • Components: skin (epidermis, dermis, hypodermis), hair, nails
  • Functions: protection, temperature regulation, waste excretion, sensory input
  • Common conditions: eczema, psoriasis, infections, acne
  • Key drug classes:
    • Corticosteroids (e.g., clobetasol): eczema, dermatitis
    • Retinoids (e.g., adapalene): acne
    • Topical antimicrobials (e.g., clotrimazole): fungal/bacterial infections
    • Biologics (e.g., adalimumab): psoriasis

Musculoskeletal system

  • Components: bones, ligaments, muscles
  • Functions: structure, movement
  • Common conditions: osteoarthritis, gout, osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis
  • Key drug classes:
    • NSAIDs, anti-inflammatories: general musculoskeletal disorders
    • Muscle relaxants (e.g., baclofen): muscle spasm
    • Bisphosphonates (e.g., alendronate): osteoporosis