Intelligence/intellectual ability | Making sense of the environment | Psych/soc

Intellectual functioning

Intellectual functioning refers to how we process, store, and use information to solve problems. Several theories explain different aspects of intelligence.

Theories of intelligence:

Crystallized intelligence: This is the knowledge and skills we acquire over time and the ability to recall that information, for example, using what you’ve learned in school.
Fluid intelligence: This is our capacity to perceive complex relationships and solve new problems, such as finding an alternative route during a detour.
Intelligence quotient (IQ): Developed by William Stern, IQ tests originally measured “mental age” by comparing a child’s abilities to those typical for their age group. These tests primarily assess verbal skills and can be culturally biased.

Multiple and specific intelligences:

Howard Gardner’s eight intelligences include:
- Naturalist: Understanding the natural world.
- Linguistic: Proficiency in language.
- Intrapersonal: Insight into one’s own emotions.
- Interpersonal: Ability to understand and relate to others.
- Logical-mathematical: Skill in reasoning and numbers.
- Spatial: Capability in visualizing objects.
- Musical: Talent in music.
- Bodily-kinesthetic: Skill in physical coordination.

General intelligence (“g factor”): Considered a core ability that influences all other forms of intelligence, though its measurement is debated.
Emotional intelligence (EI): The ability to understand, manage, and express emotions, and to empathize with others.

Triarchic theory of intelligence:
Robert Sternberg’s model divides intelligence into:

Experiential intelligence: Creative problem solving and adapting to new situations.
Componential intelligence: Analytical skills like logical reasoning and abstract thinking, typically measured by IQ tests.
Contextual intelligence: Practical, everyday problem solving, often called “street smarts.”

Primary mental abilities and savant syndrome:

Some theorists argue that we are born with core abilities such as reasoning, numerical skills, associative memory, spatial visualization, word fluency, perceptual speed, and verbal comprehension. Savant syndrome is a rare condition where individuals show extraordinary skill in a specific area (like music) despite significant challenges in other cognitive areas.

Influence of heredity and environment:

Intellectual abilities are shaped by both genetics and environmental factors, such as socioeconomic status, education, nutrition, and parenting. Although genetics set a baseline, life experiences greatly influence how these abilities develop. Differences in IQ scores among various groups often reflect disparities in education and income rather than inherent cognitive differences. The average IQ is 100, with scores below 70 indicating lower ability and those above 130 indicating exceptional intelligence.