Additional information | Reproductive system | Physiology

Additional information

AMH (anti-müllerian hormone) role in women: AMH is a glycoprotein hormone secreted by granulosa cells in the ovary. It belongs to the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family of growth and differentiation factors. AMH inhibits primordial follicle recruitment and reduces the responsiveness of growing follicles to follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). Clinically, AMH is used as a marker of ovarian reserve, which is useful in infertility treatment such as IVF. AMH levels are increased in women with PCOS. In premenopausal women, serum AMH levels decrease with age.

Tanner stages in males and females

Stage	Males	Females	Pubic hair (both sexes)
1	Prepubertal	Prepubertal. No breast tissue	None
2	Testes enlarge (4 ml); scrotum larger, reddened, and skin coarser	Areolar enlargement with breast bud	Few darker hairs along labia or at base of penis
3	Penis enlarges, initially in length. Continued growth of testes and scrotum	Enlargement of breast and areola as single mound	Curly pigmented hairs across pubes
4	Penis grows in length and breadth; continued growth of testes and scrotum that becomes pigmented	Projection of areola above breast as double mound	Small adult configuration, covers triangular area overlying the pubic region
5	Testis, scrotum and penis adult size	Adult; papilla projects out of areola that is part of breast contour	Adult configuration with spread onto inner thighs

AMH (anti-müllerian hormone) role in women: AMH is a glycoprotein hormone secreted by granulosa cells in the ovary. It belongs to the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family of growth and differentiation factors. AMH inhibits primordial follicle recruitment and reduces the responsiveness of growing follicles to follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). Clinically, AMH is used as a marker of ovarian reserve, which is useful in infertility treatment such as IVF. AMH levels are increased in women with PCOS. In premenopausal women, serum AMH levels decrease with age.

Tanner stages in males and females

Stage	Males	Females	Pubic hair (both sexes)
1	Prepubertal	Prepubertal. No breast tissue	None
2	Testes enlarge (4 ml); scrotum larger, reddened, and skin coarser	Areolar enlargement with breast bud	Few darker hairs along labia or at base of penis
3	Penis enlarges, initially in length. Continued growth of testes and scrotum	Enlargement of breast and areola as single mound	Curly pigmented hairs across pubes
4	Penis grows in length and breadth; continued growth of testes and scrotum that becomes pigmented	Projection of areola above breast as double mound	Small adult configuration, covers triangular area overlying the pubic region
5	Testis, scrotum and penis adult size	Adult; papilla projects out of areola that is part of breast contour	Adult configuration with spread onto inner thighs