Deposit requirements are the funds you must contribute to carry out an investment strategy in a margin account. When you borrow money from your broker-dealer, you’re subject to both Regulation T and FINRA requirements.
Regulation T is a margin rule that requires investors to make a specified deposit when borrowing capital (money or stock) for investment purposes. Investors must generally deposit 50% to establish (long or short) stock positions in margin accounts. For example, an investor purchasing $10,000 of stock must deposit a minimum of $5,000 (borrowing the other $5,000).
FINRA requires a margin equity (ownership) level of $2,000 to make use of margin loans. Applicable margin regulations require a deposit of the greater of* their Regulation T and FINRA requirements.
*If an investor establishes a long stock position for less than $2,000, the deposit requirement is 100% of the stock value. For example, assume an investor purchases 100 shares at $12 for a total of $1,200. The investor only must deposit $1,200, as they cannot lose more than this amount. If an investor establishes a short stock position, they must ALWAYS deposit the greater of 50% or $2,000, no matter how small the position. Short stock positions are subject to unlimited loss, so a minimum of $2,000 must always be deposited.
Long options contracts generally can’t be margined and require a deposit of 100% of the premium. This rule applies to all options with expirations of nine months or less. LEAPS options with more than nine months to expiration can be purchased on margin, but the investor must deposit 75% of the premium. For example, assume an investor goes long a LEAPS call with three years to expiration at a total premium of $1,000. The investor must deposit $750, with the remaining $250 provided by the broker-dealer as a margin loan.
The same rules discussed above apply when an investor goes long multiple contracts. Long straddles and combinations require the investor to pay 100% of all premiums unless the contracts maintain expirations longer than nine months.
Margin rules for short options depend on whether the contract is covered or uncovered (naked). Start by separating the two, because the deposit requirements are very different.
There typically is no margin requirement* for a short option contract if it’s covered. If the stock position that covers the contract is being established at the same time as the short contract, the option premium reduces the stock’s margin requirement. Let’s see how this works with covered calls.
*To be clear, there is no margin requirement for the short covered option, but there will be a margin requirement for the stock if it is being established alongside the option.
As a quick refresher, here are the items that may be used to cover a call:
*For a long call to cover a short call, the long call must maintain the same or lower strike price, plus the expiration must be the same or longer.
**A short call is considered covered if a banking institution provides a guarantee letter stating it will cover the costs related to an assignment.
Let’s work through a practice question:
A customer establishes the following positions on the same day in a margin account:
Long 100 ABC shares at $50
Short 1 ABC Jan 55 call at $3Assuming no other positions exist in the account, the investor must deposit what minimum amount to establish these new positions?
Can you figure it out?
Answer = $2,200
The customer’s Regulation T initial deposit requirement for the ABC stock is 50%. The investor purchased $5,000 of ABC shares, so they must deposit $2,500 (50% of $5,000).
The short call has no margin requirement because it is covered. The $300 premium also reduces the amount that must be deposited. Therefore, the customer must deposit $2,200 ($2,500 - $300).
Now let’s discuss covered puts.
As a quick refresher, here are the items that may be used to cover a put:
*For a long put to cover a short put, the long put must maintain the same or higher strike price, plus the expiration must be the same or longer.
**A short put is considered covered if a banking institution provides a guarantee letter stating it will cover the costs related to an assignment.
Let’s work through a practice question:
A customer establishes the following positions on the same day in a margin account:
Short 100 XYZ shares at $90
Short 1 ABC Jan 85 call at $7Assuming no other positions exist in the account, the investor must deposit what minimum amount to establish these new positions?
Can you figure it out?
Answer = $3,800
The customer’s Regulation T initial deposit requirement for the short XYZ stock is 50%. The investor sold short $9,000 of ABC shares, so they must deposit $4,500 (50% of $9,000).
The short call has no margin requirement because it is covered. The $700 premium also reduces the amount that must be deposited. Therefore, the customer must deposit $3,800 ($4,500 - $700).
As discussed previously, short naked options can be extremely risky. Short naked calls are subject to unlimited risk, while short naked puts are subject to significant (but limited) risk. Because the risk is higher, naked options require a deposit before the position can be established. Generally speaking, the requirement is:
Total option premium
+ 20% of total exercise value*
- Total “out of the money” amount**
= minimum required deposit
*The total exercise value represents the overall value of stock transacted during an assignment. For example, assume an investor is short a 50 call and is assigned. They must purchase 100 shares at $50, so the total exercise value is $5,000 (100 shares x $50).
**If an option is “at” or “in the money,” this part of the equation is excluded.
Let’s try a few practice questions:
In a margin account, an investor writes 1 BCD Jul 30 call at a premium of $4 when BCD’s market price is $28. Assuming no other positions exist in the account, what is the minimum deposit requirement?
Can you figure it out?
Answer = $800
This formula must be used to determine the answer:
Total option premium
+ 20% of total exercise value
- Total “out of the money” amount
= Minimum required deposit
The total option premium is $400 ($4 premium x 100 shares per contract). The total exercise value is $3,000 ($30 strike x 100 shares). 20% of the total exercise value is $600. The contract is currently “out of the money” by a total of $200 ($2 OTM x 100 shares).
Now, we can do the calculation:
$400 (total option premium)
+ $600 (20% of total exercise value)
- $200 (total “out of the money” amount)
= $800 minimum required deposit
Let’s try another question:
In a margin account, an investor writes 1 CDE Dec 60 put at a premium of $7 when CDE’s market price is $58. Assuming no other positions exist in the account, what is the minimum deposit requirement?
Can you figure it out?
Answer = $1,900
This formula must be used to determine the answer:
Total option premium
+ 20% of total exercise value
- Total “out of the money” amount
= Minimum required deposit
The total option premium is $700 ($7 premium x 100 shares per contract). The total exercise value is $6,000 ($60 strike x 100 shares). 20% of the total exercise value is $1,200. The contract is not “out of the money” (the contract is “in the money” by $2), so the last variable will be blank.
Now, we can do the calculation:
$700 (total option premium)
+ $1,200 (20% of total exercise value)
- $0 (total “out of the money” amount)
= $1,900 minimum required deposit
Let’s discuss what happens when an investor establishes multiple naked short legs, which would typically be created through a short straddle or combination. You calculate the requirement for each leg, then compare them:
Here’s a practice question that puts those steps together:
A customer establishes the following positions on the same day in a margin account:
Short 1 MNO Mar 80 call at $7
Short 1 MNO Mar 80 put at $4Assuming no other positions exist in the account and MNO’s stock price is currently at $82, the investor must deposit what minimum amount to establish these new positions?
Can you figure it out?
Answer = $2,700
This formula must be used to determine the answer:
Total option premium
+ 20% of total exercise value
- Total “out of the money” amount
= Minimum required deposit
We have two legs, so we must perform the calculation twice.
Short call calculation
The total option premium is $700 ($7 premium x 100 shares per contract). The total exercise value is $8,000 ($80 strike x 100 shares). 20% of the total exercise value is $1,600. The contract is not “out of the money” (the contract is “in the money” by $2), so the last variable will be blank.
$700 (total option premium)
+ $1,600 (20% of total exercise value)
- $0 (total “out of the money” amount)
= $2,300 minimum required deposit
Short put calculation
The total option premium is $400 ($4 premium x 100 shares per contract). The total exercise value is $8,000 ($80 strike x 100 shares). 20% of the total exercise value is $1,600. The contract is currently “out of the money” by a total of $200 ($2 OTM x 100 shares).
$400 (total option premium)
+ $1,600 (20% of total exercise value)
- $200 (total “out of the money” amount)
= $1,800 minimum required deposit
The short call’s $2,300 requirement is greater than the short put’s $1,800 requirement. Therefore, $2,300 must be deposited plus the short put’s $400 premium, for a total of $2,700.
If you understand how call and put spreads work, the margin requirements are straightforward: investors must deposit at least the maximum loss when a spread strategy is established. For example:
A customer goes long 1 AAA Oct 40 call at $8 and goes short 1 AAA Oct 50 call at $3. What is the minimum amount that may be deposited to establish these positions?
Can you figure it out?
Answer = $500
Using the spread system discussed in a previous chapter, we can determine the maximum loss in step one. The investor has a $500 net debit when the premiums are netted. The net debit represents the maximum loss, which is the minimum required deposit. Therefore, the investor must deposit $500.
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