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Textbook
1. Medical assistant
2. Electronic records
3. Medical terminology and anatomy
4. The fundamentals of infection control
5. Introduction to vital signs
6. The patient interview and history
7. The physical examination
8. Appointment scheduling
9. Insurance billing
10. Diagnostic coding and the ICD-10-CM System
11. Procedural coding
12. Medical billing and reimbursement essentials
13. Assisting with medical specialties
14. Assisting with the musculoskeletal system
15. Assisting with the cardiovascular system
16. Assisting with the respiratory system
17. Assisting with the nervous system
18. Anatomy and physiology of the urinary system
19. Assisting in obstetrics and gynecology
20. Assisting in endocrinology
21. Assisting in ophthalmology & otolaryngology
22. Assisting in gastroenterology
23. Assisting in the immune & lymphatic systems
24. Assisting in pediatrics: the developmental stages and care
25. The medical assistant’s role in caring for the older patient
26. The role of the medical assistant in physical therapy examination and assessment
27. Preparing for minor surgery: room, solutions, and supplies
28. Introduction to the clinical laboratory
29. Urinalysis
30. Blood collection
31. Analysis of blood
32. Electrocardiography and heart structure
33. The principles of pharmacology
34. Essential calculations and measurement systems
35. Solid, liquid, & solutions medication doses
36. Administering medications
37. Metabolism and core nutrient roles
38. Medical emergencies in the healthcare setting
38.1 Medical emergencies in the healthcare setting
38.2 Emergency preparedness and community response
38.3 Assisting with medical emergencies
38.4 Management of emergencies (Initial assessment and unresponsive patient care)
38.5 Cardiac emergencies and choking
38.6 Common office emergencies
38.7 Pain and traumatic injury management
38.8 Special needs, metabolic, and final review
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38.5 Cardiac emergencies and choking
Achievable CCMA
38. Medical emergencies in the healthcare setting
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Cardiac emergencies and choking

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Cardiac emergencies

Chest pain or angina can be associated with heart and lung disease, in addition to a few other conditions. It can be quite serious; a patient with chest pain is treated as a cardiac emergency until a provider has ruled this out. A heart attack, or myocardial infarction, usually is caused by blockage of the coronary arteries, which reduces the amount of blood delivered to the myocardium. The most common signal of a heart attack is an uncomfortable pressure, squeezing, fullness, or pain in the center of the chest (symptoms in women, which may be different, are presented in the following box). This may spread to the shoulder, neck, jaw, or arms. The pain may not be severe. The lips and fingernails may turn blue, which is a sign of cyanosis, or the patient may have a gray, ashen appearance. Frequently the patient clutches the chest in pain. This pain may radiate from the mediastinum down the left arm and up the left side of the neck. The pulse may be rapid and weak, and the patient often complains of nausea. Other symptoms include sweating (diaphoresis); indigestion; shortness of breath (SOB); cold, clammy skin; and a feeling of weakness (general malaise). Unfortunately, most people deny that the problem is serious until they require immediate medical attention.

Signs and symptoms of myocardial infarction in women

Women may experience symptoms that are different from those traditionally associated with a heart attack. Women’s symptoms include a combination of the following:

  • Back pain or aching and throbbing in the biceps or forearms
  • Shortness of breath (SOB)
  • Clammy perspiration
  • Dizziness (vertigo): Unexplained lightheadedness or syncopal episodes
  • Edema, especially of the ankles and/or lower legs
  • Fluttering heartbeat or tachycardia
  • Gastric upset
  • Feeling of heaviness or fullness in the mediastinum

Immediately report any of these signs or symptoms to the provider. If the provider is not available, activate EMS. Use a wheelchair to move the patient to an examination room. Breathing will be easier if the patient’s head is slightly elevated or if the patient is in a Fowler’s or semi-Fowler’s position. Keep the patient quiet and warm. Loosen all tight clothing. Take vital signs, including both apical and radial pulses. The provider may order oxygen started on the patient to re­lieve dyspnea. Bring the emergency cart into the room and open the medication drawer so that the provider can quickly prepare the medications needed. These may include epinephrine (adrenaline), atropine, digitalis, calcium chloride, or morphine.

If the patient is conscious, ask about any medication that he or she has recently taken or is carrying. If the patient has an established heart disorder, the person may be carrying nitroglycerin tablets; these tablets are administered sublingually and may be given with the patient’s consent. If the provider is in the office or is on the way, connect the patient to the electrocardiograph machine and record a few tracings. If the patient becomes unresponsive before the provider or EMS arrives, it may be necessary to start rescue breathing if no evidence of respirations is noted. If chest pain progresses to cardiac arrest and loss of circulation, CPR must be performed until help arrives.

Choking

Choking is usually caused by a foreign object, often a bolus of food, lodged in the upper airway. The victim may clutch the neck between the thumb and the index finger; this universal distress signal should be viewed as a sign the victim needs help. If the victim has good air exchange or only partial airway obstruction and can speak, cough, or breathe, do not interfere, but encourage the patient to continue coughing until the object is expelled. Monitor the patient for signs of respiratory distress, such as pallor and cyanosis. If the patient has a pronounced wheeze or a very weak cough, he or she has a partial airway obstruction with poor air exchange and may need help. If the patient is unable to speak, breathe, or cough, a complete airway obstruction exists, and quick action must be taken to clear the airway. With complete obstruction, the patient eventually loses consciousness from lack of oxygen to the brain. This condition may lead to respiratory and cardiac arrest. If the object is not removed, the victim may die within 4 to 6 minutes. The procedure for removal of a foreign airway obstruction is exactly the same for a child older than 1 year of age.

Universal sign for choking demonstrated
Universal sign for choking
Wikimedia Commons
/
CC BY 4.0

To dislodge a foreign object from the airway of an infant up to 1 year of age, place the baby face down over your forearm and across your thigh. The head should be lower than the trunk, and you should support the baby’s head and neck with one hand. Using the heel of your other hand, deliver 5 blows to the back, between the infant’s shoulder blades. Holding the baby between your arms, turn the infant face up, keeping the head lower than the trunk. Using two fingers, deliver 5 thrusts to the midsternal area at the infant’s nipple line. Examine the infant’s mouth, and if the object is visible, pluck it out with your fingertips. Never perform a finger sweep on an infant. A baby’s oral cavity is too small for a finger sweep, and such an action may only push the obstruction farther into the airway. If the obstruction is not visible, administer 2 rescue breaths by covering the baby’s nose and mouth with your mouth, or use a pediatric ventilator mask if available. Repeat the sequence until the foreign body is expelled or help arrives.

If a choking victim is in the late stages of pregnancy, chest compressions should be delivered by placing your cupped hands above the uterus to prevent possible trauma to the infant. If the patient is obese and you are unable to wrap your arms around the abdomen, perform chest compressions as you would for a pregnant woman.

The abdominal thrust maneuver also can be performed on yourself if you are choking and no one is nearby to help you. Press your fist into your upper abdomen with quick, upward thrusts, or lean forward and press the abdomen quickly against a firm object, such as the back of a chair.

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Cardiac emergencies and choking

Cardiac emergencies

Chest pain or angina can be associated with heart and lung disease, in addition to a few other conditions. It can be quite serious; a patient with chest pain is treated as a cardiac emergency until a provider has ruled this out. A heart attack, or myocardial infarction, usually is caused by blockage of the coronary arteries, which reduces the amount of blood delivered to the myocardium. The most common signal of a heart attack is an uncomfortable pressure, squeezing, fullness, or pain in the center of the chest (symptoms in women, which may be different, are presented in the following box). This may spread to the shoulder, neck, jaw, or arms. The pain may not be severe. The lips and fingernails may turn blue, which is a sign of cyanosis, or the patient may have a gray, ashen appearance. Frequently the patient clutches the chest in pain. This pain may radiate from the mediastinum down the left arm and up the left side of the neck. The pulse may be rapid and weak, and the patient often complains of nausea. Other symptoms include sweating (diaphoresis); indigestion; shortness of breath (SOB); cold, clammy skin; and a feeling of weakness (general malaise). Unfortunately, most people deny that the problem is serious until they require immediate medical attention.

Signs and symptoms of myocardial infarction in women

Women may experience symptoms that are different from those traditionally associated with a heart attack. Women’s symptoms include a combination of the following:

  • Back pain or aching and throbbing in the biceps or forearms
  • Shortness of breath (SOB)
  • Clammy perspiration
  • Dizziness (vertigo): Unexplained lightheadedness or syncopal episodes
  • Edema, especially of the ankles and/or lower legs
  • Fluttering heartbeat or tachycardia
  • Gastric upset
  • Feeling of heaviness or fullness in the mediastinum

Immediately report any of these signs or symptoms to the provider. If the provider is not available, activate EMS. Use a wheelchair to move the patient to an examination room. Breathing will be easier if the patient’s head is slightly elevated or if the patient is in a Fowler’s or semi-Fowler’s position. Keep the patient quiet and warm. Loosen all tight clothing. Take vital signs, including both apical and radial pulses. The provider may order oxygen started on the patient to re­lieve dyspnea. Bring the emergency cart into the room and open the medication drawer so that the provider can quickly prepare the medications needed. These may include epinephrine (adrenaline), atropine, digitalis, calcium chloride, or morphine.

If the patient is conscious, ask about any medication that he or she has recently taken or is carrying. If the patient has an established heart disorder, the person may be carrying nitroglycerin tablets; these tablets are administered sublingually and may be given with the patient’s consent. If the provider is in the office or is on the way, connect the patient to the electrocardiograph machine and record a few tracings. If the patient becomes unresponsive before the provider or EMS arrives, it may be necessary to start rescue breathing if no evidence of respirations is noted. If chest pain progresses to cardiac arrest and loss of circulation, CPR must be performed until help arrives.

Choking

Choking is usually caused by a foreign object, often a bolus of food, lodged in the upper airway. The victim may clutch the neck between the thumb and the index finger; this universal distress signal should be viewed as a sign the victim needs help. If the victim has good air exchange or only partial airway obstruction and can speak, cough, or breathe, do not interfere, but encourage the patient to continue coughing until the object is expelled. Monitor the patient for signs of respiratory distress, such as pallor and cyanosis. If the patient has a pronounced wheeze or a very weak cough, he or she has a partial airway obstruction with poor air exchange and may need help. If the patient is unable to speak, breathe, or cough, a complete airway obstruction exists, and quick action must be taken to clear the airway. With complete obstruction, the patient eventually loses consciousness from lack of oxygen to the brain. This condition may lead to respiratory and cardiac arrest. If the object is not removed, the victim may die within 4 to 6 minutes. The procedure for removal of a foreign airway obstruction is exactly the same for a child older than 1 year of age.

To dislodge a foreign object from the airway of an infant up to 1 year of age, place the baby face down over your forearm and across your thigh. The head should be lower than the trunk, and you should support the baby’s head and neck with one hand. Using the heel of your other hand, deliver 5 blows to the back, between the infant’s shoulder blades. Holding the baby between your arms, turn the infant face up, keeping the head lower than the trunk. Using two fingers, deliver 5 thrusts to the midsternal area at the infant’s nipple line. Examine the infant’s mouth, and if the object is visible, pluck it out with your fingertips. Never perform a finger sweep on an infant. A baby’s oral cavity is too small for a finger sweep, and such an action may only push the obstruction farther into the airway. If the obstruction is not visible, administer 2 rescue breaths by covering the baby’s nose and mouth with your mouth, or use a pediatric ventilator mask if available. Repeat the sequence until the foreign body is expelled or help arrives.

If a choking victim is in the late stages of pregnancy, chest compressions should be delivered by placing your cupped hands above the uterus to prevent possible trauma to the infant. If the patient is obese and you are unable to wrap your arms around the abdomen, perform chest compressions as you would for a pregnant woman.

The abdominal thrust maneuver also can be performed on yourself if you are choking and no one is nearby to help you. Press your fist into your upper abdomen with quick, upward thrusts, or lean forward and press the abdomen quickly against a firm object, such as the back of a chair.

More from Medical emergencies in the healthcare setting

  • Medical emergencies in the healthcare setting
  • Emergency preparedness and community response
  • Assisting with medical emergencies
  • Management of emergencies (Initial assessment and unresponsive patient care)
  • Common office emergencies