We’ll cover the following workplace plans in this chapter:
Defined benefit plans are a type of qualified plan where the employer’s contributions can vary over time, but the retirement benefit is specifically defined by a formula. The most common defined benefit plan is a pension.
Over the past several decades, pensions have fallen in popularity because they can be expensive and unpredictable for employers. Organizations offering pensions are typically obligated to pay retired employees for life. In many plans, an employee needs a long service period (often 20 years or more) before they become eligible for pension benefits.
Qualifying employees usually receive benefits based on their salary during their working years. For example, an organization might offer retirement benefits equal to 70% of the average of an employee’s top three years of earnings. If an employee’s top three years average $100,000, the employer pays $70,000 (70%) each year for the rest of the employee’s life. Many pensions also include an annual cost-of-living adjustment to help keep up with inflation. Because benefits are tied to earnings, defined benefit plans tend to be most valuable for employees with higher salaries.
When the employee retires, they begin collecting payments from their former employer. Those payments must be made regardless of the employer’s financial condition. Even in a bad business year, the organization still has to pay retirees. This ongoing obligation is a major reason many corporations no longer offer pensions. Government-sponsored organizations, such as the military and police, are more likely to continue offering them.
To make sure pension payments can be made, employers must set aside and invest significant amounts of money for future payouts. The amount required depends on factors such as the combined salaries and ages of the workforce. In general, employers must set aside more when employees have higher salaries and are closer to retirement. Projections also consider expected investment growth and retirees’ life expectancy to estimate how much the organization will ultimately need to pay.
An unfunded pension liability exists when projected future payouts exceed the amount expected to be set aside. For example, an organization projects $1 million in payouts in 2030 but expects only $800,000 in the pension fund at that time. If the shortfall isn’t corrected, the employer can eventually bankrupt itself. Many organizations maintain insurance backing their pensions to reduce retirees’ concern about this risk. If bankruptcy occurs, the insurance takes over the required payouts.
Defined benefit plan payouts are 100% taxable to the retiree as ordinary income.
Defined contribution plans have defined contributions but an unknown retirement benefit. In other words, participating employees know what goes into the plan, but they don’t know what the account will be worth at retirement.
Most plans allow employees to contribute a specific amount (for example, 7% of salary) and invest those contributions. Employers may also contribute on the employee’s behalf (for example, matching contributions up to 5% of the employee’s salary). Because the account value depends on investment performance, the retirement benefit can vary.
All of the plans discussed in this section follow the same general tax structure:
The 401(k) (named after section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code) is one of the most common qualified retirement plans. Available to private (non-government) for-profit companies, 401(k)s allow employees to save pre-tax money for retirement. Employers may also match employee contributions, which can accelerate the growth of retirement assets.
Current employees generally can’t withdraw money from their 401(k), but they may qualify for a hardship withdrawal if they face financial problems. Standard distribution rules still apply. If the employee is under age 59 ½, they’re subject to a 10% early withdrawal penalty and ordinary income taxes. Once the employee is terminated (quits, is fired, or retires), they can access 401(k) funds, although taxes and some penalties may apply.
The 2026 employee contribution limit for 401(k) plans is $24,500.
A 403(b) plan is similar to a 401(k), but it’s used by non-profit organizations, public school systems, and religious organizations. Sometimes called a tax-sheltered annuity, a 403(b) plan can give retirees several options. They can take money from the account, roll it over to another retirement account, or convert it into an annuity that pays income until death.
The 2026 employee contribution limit for 403(b) plans is $24,500.
HR-10 plans, also known as Keogh (pronounced key-o) plans, are designed for smaller professional practices (such as a dentist’s office or law firm). The employer (for example, the dentist who owns the practice) has a 2026 contribution limit of $73,500 or 25% of income, whichever is less. If the employer makes the maximum contribution to their own plan, they must make a matching contribution to employees’ plans (such as the dental hygienists) equal to 25% of each employee’s income.
Profit-sharing plans work the way the name suggests. A business pledges to share a specified percentage of profits annually with employees by contributing to their profit-sharing plans. For example, a company might commit 10% of its profits to employee profit-sharing accounts.
Employees do not contribute to these plans, and employers are not obligated to contribute every year. If the business has no profits, there’s nothing to share. Even if the company is profitable, the employer can choose not to contribute in a given year. This structure gives the employer flexibility during difficult years while still offering an incentive tied to company performance.
Money purchase plans are similar to profit-sharing plans, with two key differences:
For example, a company might contribute 4% of each employee’s salary annually. Some money purchase plans allow employees to contribute in addition to employer funds, but plans that do typically require employee contributions to be made annually.
Later in this unit, you’ll learn about individual retirement accounts (IRAs). IRAs are not always employer-sponsored, but SEP IRAs and SIMPLE IRAs are.
Simplified Employee Pension (SEP) IRAs and savings incentive match for employees (SIMPLE) IRAs are designed for smaller companies. They’re similar to Keogh plans, but with minor differences that you won’t need to know for the exam. You shouldn’t expect specific test questions on their contribution limits, but you may need to know that they are larger than traditional and Roth IRA contribution limits (discussed later).
Non-qualified plans are not governed by the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA). That means they don’t have to follow the rules discussed in the previous chapter.
One advantage of not being ERISA-governed is the ability to discriminate, meaning the employer can choose who is offered the plan. Qualified plans generally must be offered to all full-time employees, but non-qualified plans can be offered only to executives, officers, directors, or anyone else the employer selects.
A common type of non-qualified plan is a deferred compensation plan. These plans promise compensation in the future and are typically offered to higher-level employees with large salaries. For example, if an employee earns $500,000 annually, they might defer $100,000, invest those funds, and then receive both the basis (amount invested) and growth in retirement. The employee pays taxes on the compensation when it’s received later, which reduces taxable income in the year the salary is deferred.
A 457 plan is another type of non-qualified plan available only to government employees and certain non-profit organization employees. It’s unusual for a non-qualified plan because it allows tax-deductible contributions and tax-deferred growth. Unlike most other retirement plans, early withdrawal penalties do not apply to 457 plans.
The 2026 contribution limit for 457 plans is $24,500.
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